Finally, the Chairman and Vice Chairman, who usually come from one of the eight foundation unions (although the current Vice Chairman, Agustín Pichot, is with the non-foundation Argentine union) have one vote each. [82], Protective equipment is optional and strictly regulated. [67][68] Tacklers may not tackle an opponent who has jumped to catch a ball until the player has landed. Five substitutes, with five interchanges (instead of 8 and 8). [200], Thomas Hughes 1857 novel Tom Brown's Schooldays, set at Rugby School, includes a rugby football match, also portrayed in the 1940s film of the same name. [14] The defensive line can be put under pressure if the defending team makes a tackle and commits players to the ruck; with fewer players in the defending line, it leaves more space for the attacking team to exploit. The rugby ball is oval in shape (technically a prolate spheroid), and is made up of four panels. The following table shows professional and semi-professional rugby union competitions. With 15 players starting a game, this makes for a staggering average player weight of 106.1kg, roughly the same as 133 Welsh Corgis. [62] The sides exchange ends of the field after the half-time break. Yellow cards net a 2-minute suspension (instead of 10 minutes) to the offender. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the sport in Africa was spread by settlers and colonials who often adopted a "whites-only" policy to playing the game. [153] Each country plays the other five once. [13], Several island nations have embraced the sport of rugby. World Rugby recognises the Irish Rugby Football Union as the sport's governing body for the entire island of Ireland. [72] The side that wins possession can either keep the ball under their feet while driving the opposition back, in order to gain ground, or transfer the ball to the back of the scrum where it can be picked up by the number 8 or by the scrum-half. This was run by the northern branch of the IRFU. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. The Women's Six Nations, first played in 1996 has been dominated by England, who have won the tournament on 14 occasions, including a run of seven consecutive wins from 2006 to 2012. The Rugby World Cup Sevens, in which the Melrose Cup is contested, was launched in 1993. There are typically 100 metres (109 yd) between the two try-lines, but it can be as short as 94 metres (103 yd). [145] Since the 1980s, the game has grown in popularity among female athletes, and by 2010, according to World Rugby, women's rugby was being played in over 100 countries. [16][17] Penalties in sevens are generally taken with a quick tap, instead of a kick for touch and a line out, resulting in the ball being put back in play more quickly. Locks also have an important role in the scrum, binding directly behind the three front row players and providing forward drive. Two years later, Tynedale was the first non-Scottish club to win one of the Borders Sevens titles at Gala in 1885. Other transnational club competitions include the European Rugby Champions Cup, the Pro14 in Europe and South Africa, and Super Rugby and Global Rapid Rugby in the Southern Hemisphere. They are usually the most mobile forwards in the game. [156] Since Argentina's strong performances in the 2007 World Cup,[159] after the 2009 Tri Nations tournament, SANZAR (South Africa, New Zealand and Australian Rugby) invited the Argentine Rugby Union (UAR) to join an expanded Four Nations tournament in 2012. Only the player with the ball may be tackled or rucked. [165] Rugby union has also been an Asian Games event since the 1998 games in Bangkok, Thailand. [81] The ball was historically made of leather, but in the modern era most games use a ball made from a synthetic material. [183][184][185], James Naismith took aspects of many sports including rugby to invent basketball. The official union of Oman was formed in 1971. In the early 21st century Madagascar has experienced crowds of 40,000 at national matches,[141] while Namibia, whose history of rugby can be dated from 1915, have qualified for the final stages of the World Cup four times since 1999. In 1895, there was a major schism within rugby football in England in which numerous clubs from Northern England resigned from the RFU over the issue of reimbursing players for time lost from their workplaces. [49] The three positions in the back row are the two flankers and the number 8. If the ball does not reach the opponent's 10-metre (11-yard) line 10 meters away, the opposing team has two choices: to have the ball kicked off again, or to have a scrum at the centre of the half-way line. Man (14) Woman (5) Unisex (5) Kid (16) Product type .

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