RVTS19 was positive by both direct RT-PCR and the three methods that included tissue culture. In addition, an imported measles-mumps-rubella vaccine containing the rubella virus vaccine strain RA27/3 (Merck and Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ) has been available since 1996 in large cities (20, 24). Furthermore, the identification of specimens that contain rubella virus RNA or infectious virus allows viral RNA from these specimens to be further characterized for molecular epidemiologic purposes, which can be an important component of rubella virus control programs (22). If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. My research skills are also very poor. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. I’ve personally never heard of companies who can produce a paper for you until word got around among my college groupmates. Twenty-two throat swab specimens were analyzed in this study (Table 1). Submission, Review, & Publication Processes, http://www.who.int/vaccine-documents/DocsPDF00/www508.pdf, Copyright © 2007 American Society for Microbiology. RVTS35, the only sample that was negative by all four methods, was collected at 2 days after rash onset and was serologically positive. In China, 331 subnational laboratories were established and a laboratory surveillance network was started in 2000. Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. Care should be taken to avoid touching the tongue, cheeks or lips with the swab. The nuclei were stained using propidium iodide (red) as a counterstain. Guide a swab over the tongue into the posterior pharynx. Phone: (202) 737-3600, Copyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology | Privacy Policy | Website feedback, Print ISSN: 0095-1137; Online ISSN: 1098-660X, Comparison of Four Methods Using Throat Swabs To Confirm Rubella Virus Infection, Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address. The sensitive RT-PCR plus hybridization and the replicon-based diagnosis are newly developed methods for detecting rubella virus. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. In postnatal rubella virus infections, IgM is often not detectable until several days after the rash appears. At 3 days postinoculation, cells were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde on ice and permeabilized with 100% methanol. Comparison of sensitivities of techniques for detecting infectious rubella virus or viral RNA using specimens from Anhui and Henan. Once the samples are confirmed by additional IgM testing or more advanced tests such as RT-PCR, the national laboratory is required to return the results to each provincial laboratory. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. If you wish to opt out, please close your SlideShare account. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. The culture medium was harvested and used to inoculate fresh cells for two additional 7-day passages. Learn more. RT-PCR was performed using Superscript II One-Step RT-PCR (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), according to the manufacturer's recommendations, to amplify a 185-nucleotide region in the E1 coding region (nucleotides 8807 to 8991) using a forward primer (RV11 [5′-CAA CAC GCC GCA CGG ACA AC-3′]) and a reverse primer (RV12 [5′-CCA CAA GCC GCG AGC AGT CA-3′]). If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Two different rubella vaccines are currently available in China. Among these four methods, direct RT-PCR followed by hybridization was the most sensitive method; the replicon-based method was the least difficult to perform. The BRDII attenuated vaccine strain of rubella virus (Tian Tan Biological Products Corporation, Beijing, China) was introduced in 1994 in some parts of China including the city of Shanghai and Shandong province. A shows the RT-PCR products from four throat swabs after electrophoresis on an agarose gel and staining with ethidium bromide, and B shows results after hybridization. Two patients (RVTS17 and RVTS23) were IgM negative and negative by techniques that included culture but positive by RT-PCR plus hybridization 1 day after rash onset. and mouth specimens These primers and cycling conditions were based on a previously reported RT-PCR system that gave a DNA product from rubella virus and not from 16 other RNA viruses (3). The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. To detect infectious virus in the clinical specimens, clinical specimens were inoculated onto replicon cells and incubated for 5 to 7 days. In general, the signs and symptoms of a throat infection include: pain, difficulty swallowing, red and swollen tonsils with patches of white pus streaks, swollen and tender lymph glands, fever, and rashes.

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