Pele's tears are another form of lava related loosely to Pele's hair. These pillow lavas were produced by a subglacial eruption that occurred 10,000 years ago. Because of that, in StarExcursions we want to give you a general idea about the different types of lava that exist. And so, there are several different types of lava. Map of post-caldera lava flows from Yellowstone volcano. One type of especially metallic lava we call quiet flow. Note the continuous skin of the pahoehoe being crumpled at the flow front, and compare it to the broken clinker of the active 'a'a. Lava is magma which reaches the Surface. You WILL be cut and injured. These types of lava are also related to the aa types, because, when they lose heat, their viscosity increase, up to a point where pāhoehoe flows can become aa flows. Here are a few of the more common hazards, and some of the ways that they are formed and behave. Chasing Lava: A Geologist's Adventures at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hawai'i Volcano Watch: A Pictorial History, 1779-1991, Mauna Loa: World's Largest Active Volcano, Hawai'i's Kilauea Volcano: The Flow to the Sea, 2003 Eruption Update: A Firsthand Account of the Current Eruption of Kilauea Volcano, 2004 Eruption Update: A Firsthand Account of the Current Eruption of Kilauea Volcano. Enlarge Image. In the times where we have to cross an a'a flow (which does happen, to get to the best places) we try to find the least area to cross to minimize any possible injury. Pāhoehoe lava has the following characteristics. Some lava is very thin, and can flow out of a volcano in great rivers that go for dozens of kilometers. Pele's hair is created when molten lava is ejected into the air - as happens when lava fountains or enters the ocean and explodes. 41:50 Is quantum mechanics a big hoax? Factors influencing viscosity or rate of shear strain are listed below: Peterson and Tilling (1980, p. 273) suggested two general conditions that determine whether pahoehoe or aa forms: Peterson and Tilling called this critical relationship the “transition threshold.” They found that if the rate of shear strain is high, the transition threshold is reached at a lower viscosity than if the shear strain rate is low. Following the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815, so much pyroclastic material reached and remained in the Earth's atmosphere that global temperatures dropped an average of about 0.5 °C (~1.0 °F). This caused worldwide incidences of extreme weather, and led 1816 to be known as 'The Year Without A Summer. 19:50 Favorite solution to Planet 9? When lava is underground in its molten state it is called magma. Enlarge Image. Proximal-type 'a'a flows tend to be 1-3 m thick, fast-moving, have thin layers of spiny clinker, little fine material mixed in with the clinker, and their interiors are often vesicular. Her concentration is in volcanology, and she is currently researching lava dome collapses and pyroclastic flows. In general, the spininess of the clinkers is inversely proportional to both the thickness of the clinker layer and of the flow itself. The 'a'a flow (orange) was active for 16 days, advanced at an average flow-front velocity of 133 meters/hour, and erupted at a volumetric flow rate of 208 cubic meters/sec. Photo by Steve Mattox, 1989. All the differences in pahoehoe flows stems completely from the temperature of the lava as well as chemical composition. It looks like a slowly moving mass of hot jello, with cooler, rough surface. Distal-type 'a'a flows are often up to 10 m thick, slow moving, have thick top layers of dense smooth-surfaced blocks intermixed with much fine comminuted sand and dust, and their interiors are poorly-vesicular. Pillow lavas are also found near the summit of Mauna Kea. Once you fall on a'a (and we are talking cold rock here) - it is all over. Occasionally a flow will be very rich in olivine crystals and the rocks produced by this flow will have a distinctive greenish hue. These two layers are perfectly different, but they suffer a perpetual exchange: solid rock becomes molten rock, and vice versa. These fragile strands do not last long, but show you exactly how they are created. Image by USGS. On Mauna Kea there are huge fields (hundreds of acres) where there are perfect lava bombs every 3 to 5 feet - spaced as if planted - an amazing site to behold. 50:00 Why is the Moon drifting away from us? Each can be found at any distance from the vent although the names imply otherwise. It divides these different kinds of lava into different categories, and it is based in the surface morphology –which is determined by the composition and viscosity-. PLAY. Several hikes in the National Park take you past huge boulders of dense solid a'a - looking completely different than pahoehoe which tends to come in layers. When magma becomes solid rock –this happens below the surface-, it forms crystals that are visible with the naked eye. 53:17 Do Mercury and Venus pass in front of the Sun? Most of the gas released in an eruption is water vapor (H2O), and relatively harmless, but volcanoes also produce carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), fluorine gas (F2), hydrogen fluoride (HF), and other gases. It is as if the wind extruded "rock wire" from the liquid mass, much as wire is created in a factory. This has been our approach to the different types of lava that exist. I say that it is one of the worst lavas in the world - almost impossible to walk over and if you ever wanted to get revenge on an enemy you would strip them naked and leave them stranded in the middle of an a'a flow - they would certainly not get out alive. Because the tears are the result of fountaining fissures, anywhere there was a fissure that fountained you can find the tears downwind. When mafic lava cools it forms what is called a basaltic lava flow. Below the surface a'a is extremely dense. You can decide whether a lava flow consists of pāhoehoe or ʻaʻā lava based on the following characteristics: Pāhoehoe lava. 59:43 Wrap up, Our Book is out! One of the more interesting types of pahoehoe lava is called ropey pahoehoe and looks like a series of twisted ropes spaced evenly along the ground. The clinker layer is usually 1-2 m thick, but can be as thin as 10 cm. You can find examples of different kinds of lava flows on the island. 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