[1] [3] The status of liberti developed throughout the Republic as their number increased. [19], This now represented only 25% of the army's total cavalry contingent, the rest being supplied by the Italian confederates. [2] The Centuriate Assembly was divided into groups based on how wealthy one was and one’s ability to provide his armour and weapons. Equestrians were ranked just below senators in the social ladder, and were officially the second tier of the elite By AD 400, equites were no longer an echelon of nobility, but just a title associated with mid-level administrative posts. [Note 2] Alfoldi suggests that the coup was carried out by the celeres themselves. All other equestrians remained free to invest their wealth, greatly increased by the growth of Rome's overseas empire after the Second Punic War, in large-scale commercial enterprises including mining and industry, as well as land. [2] As civil rights for plebeians increased during the middle and late Roman Republic, many plebeian families had attained wealth and power while some traditionally patrician families had fallen into poverty and obscurity. The presence of equites in the Roman cavalry diminished steadily in the period 200–88 BC as only equites could serve as the army's senior officers; as the number of legions proliferated fewer were available for ordinary cavalry service. Slavery was more prominent in Roman antiquity than anywhere else in the ancient world, save for Greece.[7]. [80] But Constantine established Byzantium as a twin capital of the empire, with its own senate, initially of 300 members. [2], Plebeians were the lower-class, often farmers, in Rome who mostly worked the land owned by the Patricians. These new cavalry vexillationes, typically bearing the basic regimental designation equites, mostly originated as detachments of existing mounted units (alae, cohortes equitatae, equites legionis), which were separated from their parent corps and later constituted as independent units. Confarreatio was a religious ceremony that consisted of the bride and groom sharing bread in front of religious officials and other witnesses. Citizen rights were inherited, so children of peregrini who had become citizens were also citizens upon birth. Equites became exclusively an officer-class, with the first class of commoners providing the legionary cavalry. The standard equestrian officer progression was known as the "tres militiae" ("three services"): praefectus of a cohors (auxiliary infantry regiment), followed by tribunus militum in a legion, and finally praefectus of an ala (auxiliary cavalry regiment). A legion's modest cavalry share of 7% of its 4,500 total strength was thus increased to 12% in a confederate army, comparable with (or higher than) any other forces in Italy except the Gauls and also similar to those in Greek armies such as Pyrrhus's. In addition, patricians monopolized certain priesthoods and continued to enjoy enormous prestige. It contained many ancient and illustrious families, some of whom claimed descent from the aristocracy of the republic, but had, as described, lost almost all political and military power. According to this view, senators were often regarded as potentially less loyal and honest by the emperor, as they could become powerful enough, through the command of provincial legions, to launch coups. as clientes - see Patronage in ancient Rome of Great Men) with the imperial court circle and were office-holders known to the emperor and appointed by his favour. [2][page needed] Plebeians remained, for the most part, dependent on those of higher social class for the entirety of the existence of ancient Rome, through the clientela system or by other means attaching themselves to those with power if possible. It was rare—if not impossible—for a plebeian to be a senator until 444 BC. There were two routes for this, both controlled by the emperor: In public service, equites equo publico had their own version of the senatorial cursus honorum, or conventional career-path, which typically combined military and administrative posts. Because the senate was limited to 600 members, equites equo publico, numbering several thousands, greatly outnumbered men of senatorial rank. As long as a citizen could afford armour, he was able to be a soldier. [80], From the reign of Constantine I the Great (312–37) onwards, there was an explosive increase in the membership of both aristocratic orders.

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